The DOI matches its Crossref record; 10 of the 10 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Wolves and the Ecology of Fear: Can Predation Risk Structure Ecosystems?
Abstract
We investigated how large carnivores, herbivores, and plants may be linked to the maintenance of native species biodiversity through trophic cascades. The extirpation of wolves (Canis lupus) from Yellowstone National Park in the mid-1920s and their reintroduction in 1995 provided the opportunity to examine the cascading effects of carnivore–herbivore interactions on woody browse species, as well as ecological responses involving riparian functions, beaver (Castor canadensis) populations, and general food webs. Our results indicate that predation risk may have profound effects on the structure of ecosystems and is an important constituent of native biodiversity. Our conclusions are based on theory involving trophic cascades, predation risk, and optimal foraging; on the research literature; and on our own recent studies in Yellowstone National Park. Additional research is needed to understand how the lethal effects of predation interact with its nonlethal effects to structure ecosystems.
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“allowing a resurgence in the beaver population on YNP's NR.”
From The History and Current Status and Distribution of Beavers in Yellowstone National Park (2012) · cites this paper as Ripple and Beschta 2004a
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In the citing paper
“Several studies on Yellowstone's NR have suggested that wolves are affecting willow (Salix spp.), cottonwood (Populus spp.) and aspen (P.tremuloides) communities by changing the behaviour of elk that heavily browse these woody plants during winter (Ripple et al. 2001;Ripple & Beschta 2004;Beyer et al. 2007).”
From Landscape heterogeneity shapes predation in a newly restored predator–prey system (2007) · cites this paper as Ripple & Beschta 2004
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“willow for the first time in decades has begun growing taller (Ripple and Beschta 2004a, Beyer et al. 2007)”
From The History and Current Status and Distribution of Beavers in Yellowstone National Park (2012) · cites this paper as Ripple and Beschta 2004a
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Citations
Cites
On Optimal Use of a Patchy Environment
MacArthur, R. H., & Pianka, E. R. (1966) · The American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/282454 · Cited by 4,593
The Ecology of Fear: Optimal Foraging, Game Theory, and Trophic Interactions
Brown, J. S., Laundre, J. W., & Gurung, M. (1999) · Journal of Mammalogy · doi:10.2307/1383287 · Cited by 1,347
Ungulate Population Models with Predation: A Case Study with the North American Moose
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Range Contractions of North American Carnivores and Ungulates
LALIBERTE, A. S., & RIPPLE, W. J. (2004) · BioScience · doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0123:rconac]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 528
Self-citationEcosystem consequences of wolf behavioural response to climate.
Post, E., Peterson, R. O., Stenseth, N. C., & McLaren, B. E. (1999) · Nature · doi:10.1038/44814 · Cited by 420
Wolf reintroduction, predation risk, and cottonwood recovery in Yellowstone National Park
Ripple, W. J., & Beschta, R. L. (2003) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/s0378-1127(03)00154-3 · Cited by 395
Self-citationAspen, Elk, and Fire in Northern Yellowstone Park
Romme, W. H., Turner, M. G., Wallace, L. L., & Walker, J. S. (1995) · Ecology · doi:10.2307/1941684 · Cited by 312
Historic aspen recruitment, elk, and wolves in northern Yellowstone National Park, USA
Ripple, W. J., & Larsen, E. J. (2000) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/s0006-3207(00)00014-8 · Cited by 308
Self-citationWolf-Pack Buffer Zones as Prey Reservoirs
Mech, L. D. (1977) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.198.4314.320 · Cited by 242 · cited 1×
“For example, in a wolf–ungulate system, ungulates may seek refuge by migrating to areas outside the core territories of wolves (migration) or survive longer outside the wolves’ core use areas (mortality) (Mech 1977).”
BackgroundCOTTONWOODS, ELK, AND WOLVES IN THE LAMAR VALLEY OF YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK
Beschta, R. L. (2003) · Ecological Applications · doi:10.1890/02-5175 · Cited by 120
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Status and Ecological Effects of the World’s Largest Carnivores
Ripple, W. J., Estes, J. A., Beschta, R. L., Wilmers, C. C., Ritchie, E. G., Hebblewhite, M., Berger, J., Elmhagen, B., Letnic, M., Nelson, M. P., et al. (2014) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1241484 · Cited by 3,667
Self-citationTrophic cascades in Yellowstone: The first 15years after wolf reintroduction
Ripple, W. J., & Beschta, R. L. (2012) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2011.11.005 · Cited by 884
Self-citationValeix, M., Loveridge, A. J., Chamaillé-Jammes, S., Davidson, Z., Murindagomo, F., Fritz, H., & Macdonald, D. W. (2009) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/08-0606.1 · Cited by 478
Landscape heterogeneity shapes predation in a newly restored predator–prey system
Kauffman, M. J., Varley, N., Smith, D. W., Stahler, D. R., MacNulty, D. R., & Boyce, M. S. (2007) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01059.x · Cited by 350
Restoring Yellowstone’s aspen with wolves
Ripple, W. J., & Beschta, R. L. (2007) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2007.05.006 · Cited by 319
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- RIPPLE, W. J., & BESCHTA, R. L.
- Affiliations
- Oregon State University (US)
- Venue
- BioScience
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2004
- Volume
- 54
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 755
- ISSN
- 0006-3568 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2174884086
- Cited by
- 813
- References
- 10
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 62 · 2024: 68 · 2023: 37 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 42 · 2019: 44 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 38 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 45 · 2013: 39 · 2012: 35
- FWCI
- 27.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- BioScience (publishedVersion)
- BioOne Complete (BioOne) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Park Service
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Ecology and biodiversity studies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Rangeland and Wildlife Management
- Keywords
- wolf, trophic cascades, predation risk, large carnivores, herbivores, woody browse, riparian vegetation, beavers, Castor canadensis, food webs, biodiversity maintenance, optimal foraging theory, Yellowstone National Park, wolf reintroduction
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